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With the growth of the local moneyed and educated ilustrado class, some of whom were educated in Spain (where they recognized the discrepancies between Spanish governance in Madrid and back in the islands), came the emergence of a nationalist consciousness and the reformist movement. Jose Rizal, with his Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and other propagandists wrote about the oppressive stranglehold of the friars over the government and the people. This nationalist fire was also seen among the working class, especially with the waning of the reformist movement and the growth of the revolutionary Katipunan. A linguistic shift, from Spanish to Tagalog, marked this change in nationalist sentiments. Andres Bonifacio, the group's supremo, and other revolutionaries wrote in Tagalog "as a tool for organizing the masses" (Lumbera and Lumbera 45). Tagalog became synonymous with nationalist literature.